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- You might remember the heroic role that newly-invented radar played in the
- Second World War. People hailed it then as "Our Miracle Ally".
-
- But even in its earliest years, as it was helping win the war, radar
- proved to be more than an expert enemy locator. Radar technicians,
- doodling away in their idle moments, found that they could focus a radar
- beam on a marshmallow and toast it. They also popped popcorn with it.
-
- Such was the beginning of microwave cooking. The very same energy
- that warned the British of the German Luftwaffe invasion and that
- policemen employ to pinch speeding motorists, is what many of us now
- have in our kitchens. It's the same as what carries long distance phone
- calls and cablevision.
-
- Hitler's army had its own version of radar, using radio waves. But the
- trouble with radio waves is that their long wavelength requires a large,
- cumbersome antenna to focus them into a narrow radar beam. The British
- showed that microwaves, with their short wavelength, could be focussed
- ina narrow beam with an antenna many times smaller. This enabled them
- to make more effective use of radar since an antenna could be carried on
- aircraft, ships and mobile ground stations.
-
- This characteristic of microwaves, the efficiency with which they are
- concentrated in a narrow beam, is one reason why they can be used in
- cooking. You can produce a high-powered microwave beam in a small oven,
- but you can't do the same with radio waves, which are simply too long.
-
- Microwaves and their Use
-
- The idea of cooking with radiation may seem like a fairly new one, but in
- fact it reaches back thousands of years. Ever since mastering fire, man has
- cooked with infrared radiation, a close kin of the microwave.
-
- Infrared rays are what give you that warm glow when you put your
- hand near a room radiator or a hotplate or a campfire. Infrared rays,
- flowing from the sun and striking the atmosphere, make the Earth warm
- and habitable. In a conventional gas or electric oven, infrared waves pour
- off the hot elements or burners and are converted to heat when they strike
- air inside and the food.
-
- Microwaves and infrared rays are related in that both are forms of
- electromagnetic energy. Both consist of electric and magnetic fields that
- rise and fall like waves on an ocean. Silently, invisibly and at the speed
- of light, they travel through space and matter.
-
- There are many forms of electromagnetic energy (see diagram).
- Ordinary light from the sun is one, and the only one you can actually see.
- X-rays are another. Each kind, moving at a separate wavelength, has a
- unique effect on any matter it touches. When you lie out in the summer
- sun, for example, it's the infrared rays that bring warmth, but ultraviolet
- radiation that tans your skin. If the Earth's protective atmosphere weren't
- there, intense cosmic radiation from space would kill you.
-
- So why do microwaves cook faster than infrared rays?
-
- Well, suppose you're roasting a chicken in a radar range. What happens
- is that when you switch on the microwaves, they're absorbed only by water
- molecules in the chicken. Water is what chemists call a polar molecule. It
- has a slightly positive charge at one end and a slightly negative charge at
- the opposite end. This peculiar orientation provides a sort of handle for
- the microwaves to grab onto. The microwaves agitate the water molecules
- billions of times a second, and this rapid movement generates heat and cooks
- the food.
-
- Since microwaves agitate only water molecules, they pass through all
- other molecules and penetrate deep into the chicken. They reach right inside
- the food. Ordinary ovens, by contrast, fail to have the same penetrating
- power because their infrared waves agitate all molecules. Most of the
- infarred radiation is spent heating the air inside the oven, and any
- remaining rays are absorbed by the outer layer of the chicken. Food cooks in
- an ordinary oven as the heat from the air and the outer layer of the food
- slowly seeps down to the inner layers.
-
- In short, oven microwaves cook the outside of the chicken at the same
- time as they cook the inside. Infrared energy cook from the outside in - a
- slower process.
-
- This explains why preheating is necessary in a conventional oven. The
- air inside must be lifted to a certain temperature by the infrared rays
- before it can heat the food properly..
-
- It also explains why infrared ovens brown food and microwave ovens
- don't. Bread turns crusty and chicken crispy in a infrared oven simply
- because their outside gets much hotter than their interior.
-
- Finally, as anyone who owns a microwave oven knows, you never put an
- empty container inside a radar range. Since nonpolar materials such as
- plastic and glass don't warm up in the presence of microwaves, there will
- be nothing in the oven to absorb the radiation. Instead, it will bounce back
- and forth against the walls of the oven, creating an electrical arc that may
- burn a hole in the oven.
-
- This hushed energy, electromagnetic radiation, flows all around us. All
- forms of matter, even your own body, produce electromagnetism --
- microwaves, x-rays, untraviolet rays.
-
- It may interest you to know that whereas the human eye is sensitive to
- light radiation, the eye of the snake can sense infrared. Your body emits
- infrared radiation day and night, so snakes can see you even when you can't
- see them.
-
- Though weak microwaves exist naturally, scientists didn't invent
- devices that harnass them for useful purposes until the 1930s. In a radar
- range, the device from which microwaves emanate is a small vacuum tube,
- called a magnetron.
-
- A magnetron takes electrical energy from an ordinary household outlet
- and uses it to push electrons in its core so that they oscillate fast enough
- to give off microwaves. These are then relayed by a small antenna to a
- hollow tube, called a waveguide, which channels the microwaves to a
- fanlike stirrer that scatters them around the oven's interior. They bounce
- off the oven walls and are absorbed by water molecules in the food.
-
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that our exposure to
- electromagnetic radiation increases by several percent a year. Look
- around you. The modern landscape fairly bristles with microwave dishes
- and antennae. Here again, in telecommuncations, it is the convenience with
- which microwaves can be focused in a narrow beam, that makes them so
- useful. Microwave dishes can be hundreds of times smaller than radio wave
- dishes.
-
- Industry employs microwaves heat in many ways -- to dry paints, bond
- plywood, roast coffee beans, kill weeds and insects, and cure rubber.
- Microwaves trigger garage door openers and burglar alarms. The new
- cellular car phone is a microwave instrument.
-
- Microwaves and Your Body
-
- Not surprisingly, as high-powered microwaves have proliferated in the
- atmosphere and the workplace, a passionate debate has grown over the
- pontential danger they pose to human health. But that is a topic for another
- article.
-
- For the moment, scientists at the University of Guelph have recently
- reported using microwaves to raise chickens. Housed in a large oven-like
- enclosure, young chicks keep warm under a slow drizzle of radiation. So
- far, the chicks seem to like their home in the range. They've even learned
- to turn on the microwaves whenever they feel cold.
-
- A similar scheme for heating human beings has actually been proposed
- by a scientist from Harvard University. Equipping buildings with
- microwave radiators would cut energy costs, he says, since microwaves
- heat people and not the surrounding air.
-
- Just set the thermostat dial to rare, medium or well done!
-
- Some researchers are concerned that people who work with microwave
- equipment are absorbing low levels of radiation that may prove harmful over
- the long term. One line of experiments has shown that uncoiled DNA molecules
- in a test tube can absorb microwave energy. The unravelled DNA chains
- resonate to the microwaves in the same way that a violin string vibrates
- when plucked. The question this raises is this: does microwave radiation
- vibrate coiled DNA in the human body, and if so, is this vibration strong
- enough to knock off vital molecules from the chain?
-
- You can subscribe to your own hard-copy of NewScience by sending your name
- and address and CDN$10 to:
-
- NewScience,
- Ontario Science Centre
- 770 Don Mills Rd.,
- Don Mills, Ontario
- M3C 2T3.
-
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